Unity in Diversity is the slogan of India and has a unique culture which has maintained continuity for thousands of years while adapting itself to ongoing changes at the same time. It is the duty of every Indian to preserve, promote and conserve our cultural heritage and all forms of art and culture. Indian culture has many colors. It includes social and intellectual aspects of any human being. It also takes into account of the aesthetic instinct as well as the spiritual impulses of human being. It has also, in effect, an appeal to the subconscious as a force for the formation of the character.

India is a country with a rich cultural heritage and a diverse population. With over 1.3 billion people, India is home to a wide range of ethnic groups, each with their own unique traditions, languages, and customs. From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to the sun-drenched beaches of Goa, India’s landscapes are as varied as its people.

India’s history spans thousands of years and has been shaped by a multitude of empires, religions, and cultures. This diverse heritage is reflected in India’s art, music, and architecture, from the intricate carvings of the temples in Tamil Nadu to the vibrant street art of Mumbai. Despite its diversity, India is united by a shared love for cricket, Bollywood, and spicy food. From the bustling streets of Delhi to the tranquil backwaters of Kerala, India is a country that never fails to captivate and inspire visitors.

Unity in Diversity of India

We see people around us speaking different languages, having different religions and practicing different rituals. You can also see the diversities in their dress patterns and food habits. As well as, look at their innumerable forms of music and dance in India. But within all these diversities there is an underlying unity which acts as a cementing force. The intermixing of people has been continuing in India over centuries. A number of people of different ethnic backgrounds, racial stock, and religious beliefs have settled down in India for unity in diversity.

Characteristics of Indian culture

Ancient Origin

Comparatively, Indian culture is the world’s oldest among other countries’ cultures. Cave paintings of Bhimbetka, of the pre-historic origin, are the example of such ancient origin. Indus valley people were the first to produce cotton, hence Greeks referred them as ‘Sindon’.

Stability and Variations

Many great cultures had developed in different regions of the world and have perished and have been substituted by some other cultures. Despite, Indian culture for unity in diversity has had an enduring character. Significant threats of continuity can be traced throughout the course of Indian history right up to the present day. And it has been more than 4500 years ago that the Harappan civilization multiplied in the Indian land. And even today if you have a look at the Indian villages they resemble the design of Harappan house. Some visible features of Harappan culture,like worshipping of the Mother Goddess are still practiced.

Variety and Unity

Few cultures in the world could boast of such variety as the Indian culture. Indian culture, has comprehended the best part from other religions of the world such as Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Sikhism etc since three millennia. various styles of sculpture, architecture and painting, music and dance etc. Indian literature in different languages also reflects this composite nature. People are coming from far places and have been settling here since many centuries.

Why is there so much variety in Indian culture? There are many reasons for this.the vastness of the country and variation in its physical and climatic features is an obvious reason for the variety. The second important reason for variety in Indian culture is the intermixing of different ethnic groups.

Secular Outlook

This feature of Indian culture is the outcome of the interlacing of the people belonging to different cultural groups over a long period of time. The well-known cultural traditions of India are the best examples of such cultural synthesis in which a mob of people belonging to diversified religious groups converge at a point. The state has no religion of its own and all religions are given equal importance in Indian land. The people believe in the theme of “live and let others live”.

Universalism

The theory of coexistence has not been restricted to the political and geological  boundaries of the country only. India has a universal outlook and it has been promoting the message of peace and harmony to every part of the world. India has been promoting a strong message against colonialism and racialism. It has protected against the formation of power blocks in the world.

Spiritualistic and Materialistic

India is known to be the terrain of spirituality specifically to the West. Despite,   Indian history from ancient times to present day shows that the developments of materialistic and non-materialistic culture have been going along side. The Harappan civilization was an urban one.

It had a systematic town planning system such as a detailed drainage system and they had a subtle knowledge of mathematics, weights and measures. Discoveries of theories like “ Earth revolves around the

Sun” or “Earth is round” were made by Indians long before Europe admitted them. There was no obligation or antithesis by religious other thoughts in preserving such knowledge.

Inclusiveness and Co-existence

Indian culture has included different elements of other cultures that came in contact. It is the reason why it has impacted the Arab and the European cultures. The cultural amalgamation is a continuous process and it is going on till date. Shakas, Huns, Kushanas, Turks, Arabs and Parsis kept coming to the country and enriched its culture. As per Dr.Radhakrishnan, India is the only country where there is peaceful co-existence between temples , churches, gurudwaras and mosques.

Cultural Identity : Religion and Religionism

Indian cultural identity is based on various aspects such as religion, domicile etc. it depends on social, political and economic factors. For instance, muslim culture of Uttar Pradesh differs significantly with that of Kerala, similarly the Kashmiri Brahmin Muslims, both are proud of their territorial identity with unity in diversity.

Child Labour Essay, of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood, impedes their ability to have a proper schooling and that is morally, socially, physically or mentally harmful and dangerous. Many international organisations consider this practice as exploitative. The Legislation prohibits child labour around the world.

This child labour essay depicts the causes, effects and solution for the child labour prevention.

Child Labour Essay Intro

Every work that children do is not considered as child labour. Certain works like some kinds of child work that is prevalent among the indigenous American children, some categories of work like those by the Amish children, supervised training, family duties, work by the child artists and others.

Child labour is still prevalent in the developing countries with poor schooling opportunities and high poverty.

The highest child labour incidence rates are found in Sub-Saharan Africa with several nations of the African continent with over fifty percent of children in the age group of 5-14 years working. The biggest employer of child labour is the worldwide agriculture.

In the informal urban economy and the rural settings, a high majority of child labour in India is witnessed.

The primary causes of child labour are the lack of schools and poverty. Between 1960 and 2003, the incidence of child labour reduced from 25% to 10% according to the World Bank. However, the number of child labourers remain high around the world. The ILO and UNICEF have estimated that 168 million children in the age group of were engaged in child labour in the year 2013.

Child Labour Essay – Causes of Child Labour

In this section of child labour essay, we will learn about the causes of child labour. The elements that are responsible for the child labour in India include the

• Illiteracy and Poverty of the parents of the child.
• The cultural values of the surrounding society and the family as well.
• High rates of under-employment and adult unemployment.
• Lack of Skills training
• Lack of access to meaningful and basic quality education.
• Lack of awareness about the child labour’s harmful effects.
• The economic and social circumstances of the family.

Due to a family indebtedness, the children are forced to labour very often. The children who are at a risk of dropping out and the Out of school children (OOSC) are drawn into work very easily and are highly vulnerable to exploitation. The girls, especially from the socially disadvantaged groups, will be at a higher risk of being bonded to labour.

The other causes for child labour are as follows

• The lack of livelihood options and poverty force the children to contribute to the income of the family.
• Due to family indebtedness, natural disasters like droughts and conflicts.
• The urban migration and rural poverty expose the children to being trafficked for work.

Child Labour Essay – Effects of Child Labour

In this section of child labour essay, we will learn about the effects of child labour.

• In terms of economic welfare, the presence of numerous child labourers is considered as a serious issue.
• The children engaged in child labour in India are deprived of necessary education. These children do not get the opportunity to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and physically.
• The children are not ready for long hours of monotonous work considering their physical condition. When compared with adults, they become more exhausted very quickly.
• In some situations, the working conditions are highly hazardous.
• Children who are engaged fully in work without going to school will remain as illiterates. This limits their ability to contribute to their own well-being and also the community in which they live.
• For any nation, there will be long term adverse effects due to child labour.

Child Labour Essay – Challenges to Ending Child Labour

In this section of child labour essay, we will learn about the challenges to ending child labour.

• Child Labour is not uniform and it takes various forms depending on the sex and age of the child, whether they work with families or work independently and the kind of work that the they are made to do.
• There is no single strategy that can eliminate child labour in India due to the complex nature of child labour.
• Combatting the child labour needs a co-ordinated action for a longer period of time which engages the government and various stakeholders. This incorporates the employers, trade unions, community-based organizations, NGOs, mass media and educational institutions.
• It is extremely important that the mindsets and attitudes of the people are changed in allowing the children to go to school and employing adults instead of children. Children should get the chance to socialize, play and learn.
• Education is the highly successful method for eliminating the child labour. This incorporates utilising the existing systems to make sure child workers return to school, providing relevant vocational training, addressing violence in schools, enhancing the relevance and quality of education and widening the education access to schooling.
• The key international laws that deal with the essay on child labour include the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (CRC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO).

UNICEF

UNICEF is employing many strategies to eliminate the child labour across the globe. Some of them are stated below.

• Reforming the existing legislation.
• The mobilization of communities and families and raising of awareness against the exploitation of children.
• Strengthening the child protection systems, which include the  implementation of Juvenile Justice Act and Integrated Child Protection Scheme.
• Working towards convergence between the departments of the government to rehabilitate the existing child labourers and eliminate child labour.

Conclusion

• Almost every nation in the world have made laws aimed at and relating to eliminating child labour.
• Most of the nations have signed on and ratified the international law which was set with the help of International Labour Organisation(ILO).
• The term child labour essay can be misleading sometimes when it confuses hazardous work with the employment that may be useful to children.
• If the quality or the curricula of the school do not provide the children with right skills for the jobs that are available or if children do not have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may hamper the learning of skills, like agriculture, which will become obligatory for the future livelihood.

Digital India Essay, Recently a campaign was launched by the Government of India, Digital India that guarantees that all the Government services are available to the citizens of India electronically.

A remarkable progress has been witnessed in the online platform and the technological grounds so that the country is digitally empowered through internet connectivity. This initiative was launched on 1st of July in 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Digital India scheme aims to connect all the rural areas of the country with prompt internet connections. There are three core cogs that build up the Digital Marketing. They are:

•    The creation of digital infrastructure
•    Delivery of services digitally
•    Digital literacy

According to the Indian Government, the Digital India Programme would help them create jobs for about 18 lakhs people and will bring an investment of approximately Rs. 4.5 lack crore. Through this two-way platform program, the government will monitor the benefits for both the service providers and the customers. The Digital India Advisory board manages and supervises the scheme and is lead by profound IT and India’s Ministry of Communications.

Key Visions of Digital India Essay in English

• Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen

Digital India aims that the availability of high-speed internet will deliver better services to the citizens. The digital identification of every citizen will be unique and will be authentic as long as they live. The Digital India has made mobile bank accounting easy, which has increased the participation of the mass in this initiative. It is now easier to access the Digital India scheme as a Common Service Centre has been provided on a public cloud, where one can share the private information. The cloud is safe and secure from any cyber-crime.

• Governance & Services on Demand

This scheme has impeccably incorporated services across departments or jurisdictions in the country. The availability of services in real time has increased from both the online and mobile platforms.  Digital India has made it possible that all the prerogatives of the citizen are portable and available on the public cloud that has been created. The Digitally transformed services are also beneficial for improving the ease of business. Digital platform has made the financial transactions for electric and other services cashless. This has also supported the Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) for making better decision support system and development.

• Digital Empowerment of Citizens

Digitally transformed India is supposed to be more literate. The resources of Digital India are globally accessible. The availability of the digital services and resources are present in several Indian languages. To aid in proper governance, Digital India has no alternative. The citizens no longer have to submit any documents or certificates physically; they can do it easily through online, using their internet connections.

Objectives of Digital India Essay

The Indian Government through the Digital India scheme is looking forward to bring massive revolutions in the country. They are looking for the overall benefit of the Indian citizen so that even the rural people face no difficulties in enjoying their rights. Listed below are the objectives that according to the government will function soon:

• According to the Government of India in all 2.5 lakh gram panchayats, this scheme would lay national optical fiber network. The government intends to provide nationwide information Infrastructure through the Digital India Platform by early 2017.
• Through e-Governance with payment gateway, UIDAI, EDI and mobile platforms, Digital India project aims to augment the processes and delivery of different government services. It also proposes to deliver the school certificates, voter ID cards, and other important certificates and documents online.
• Digital India also aims to provide internet services to approximately 2.5 lakh villages by the end of March 2017 and about 1.5 lakh post offices within the next two years.
• The Digital India program also aims to provide electronic services to people. They have launched a service called e-Kranti service that will provide services associated with education, health, farmers, security, justice and financial dealings.
• Indian Government aspires to augment network penetration and mobile connectivity in all villages by 2018 through the Digital India scheme.
• The Indian Government is now focusing on zero imports of electronics by setting up medical and consumer electronics, micro ATMs, mobile and smart energy meters as a part of the drive.
• In all the universities, the Digital India initiative has encouraged developing Wi-Fi facilities across the country for the benefits of the students. According to the Digital India program, e-mail would be made the main mode of communication between the teachers and students and the other staffs.
• The Indian Government is hosting data online in order to make all information easily accessible to every citizen of the country.
• The most important initiative of Digital India is establishing BPO sectors in the North-Eastern States. According to the Government of India by 2020 around 1 crore students from villages and small towns would be trained suitable for the IT sectors.

Bhaskaracharya – The Great Indian Astronomer and Mathematician. Since the childhood, we have been told that the period between 500 and 1200 A.D. is the Golden Age of Indian Astronomy. During this golden period, many Indian wizards were born who contributed greatly to the conception of Science and Mathematics. One such greatest mathematician of medieval India is Bhaskaracharya, whose contribution to Astronomy and Mathematics in the 12th century was unparalleled and significant.

Bhaskaracharya Biography

                                                   Bhaskaracharya, the renowned Mathematician

Bhaskaracharya Early Life

Bhaskaracharya (1114–1185), otherwise known as Bhaskara II was born in Bijapur in Karnataka into the Brahmin family. His father, Mahesvara, was a well-known scholar. At his feet, Bhaskaracharya acquired the interest in Mathematics. After going through the works of the popular mathematician, Brahmagupta, Bhaskaracharya was very much inspired that he decided to dedicate his remaining life to mathematics. He achieved proficiency in 5 books of Bharat Shastras, 8 books of Grammar, 5 books of Mathematics, 6 texts of Medicine, 2 Mimansas, 4 Vedas and 6 books on Yoga. The innovations and researches made by him were not achieved in Europe, till the later period of time.

Works done by Bhaskaracharya

The textbooks written by Bhaskaracharya followed a simple and easy to understand methodology so as to stimulate student’s interests. These books gained a huge popularity that, even after four or five centuries of its inception, it was translated into Persian.

1. The Siddhanta Shiromani scripted in two parts, (the first on mathematical astronomy), (the second part on the sphere);
2. Lilavati, (on Mathematics);
3. Bijaganita, (on Algebra);
4. The Vasanabhasya of Mitaksha (commentary on the Siddhanta Shiromani);
5. Karana-kutuhala (Calculations of Astronomical Wonders);
6. Vivarana (commentary on the Shishyadhividdhidatantra).

However, among these six works, the first three lay more focus on mathematics. It’s translation in several languages of the world bear testimony to its eminence.

Siddhanta Shiromani Bhaskaracharya 

The “Crown of treatises,” (Siddhanta Shiromani) includes work in arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of the planets, and spheres. This work contains about 1450 verses. Bhaskara’s astronomical findings on positions of planets, instance of eclipses and cosmography, were composed in this treatise much before the world could even notice these findings. This book is considered as the pinnacle of all the astronomical works done for 700 years. It can be aptly called the “essence of ancient Indian Astronomy and Mathematics.

Siddhanta Shirmoani was split into four parts:  

• Lilavati [Quadratic and Intermediate Equation] (278 Verses)
• Bijaganita [Algebraic Calculation] (213 Verses)
• Grahaganita [Astronomical Calculations] (451 Verses)
• Goladhyaya [Trigonometry] (501 Verses)

Each part is so huge that they can be individually considered as a separate book. This book has literally surpassed all the ancient books present on astronomy and is enough to provide the complete knowledge of Ancient Indian Astronomy.

Bhaskaracharya Lilavati

Lilawati provides a clear example of Bhaskara’s expertise in putting a tough subject like mathematics into poetic language. This work has been translated into several languages throughout the world. Nearly for about 700 years, all the concepts of mathematics were taught from this textbook. It is the first and last book to enjoy such a long lifespan.

                                                                Work of Lilavati by Bhaskaracharya

Bhaskaracharya Bijaganita

Bijaganita encompasses 12 chapters and covers topics like numbers, Zero, Surds, the kuttaka, Indeterminate quadratic equation with more than one unknown, Quadratic equation with more than one unknown, functions with products of several unknown.

Bhaskaracharya Karanakutuhala

“Karanakutuhala,” was the second book written by Bhaskara at the age of 69. This book puts key-focus on several astronomical calculations. This scripture remains as a reference book, even today in making the calendars.

Bhaskaracharya Contributions in the field of Mathematics

Bhaskaracharya’s innumerable contribution had earned him an outstanding position among the ancient Hindu mathematicians. His significant contributions towards the mathematical world continue to leave a tremendous impact in the numerical field even today.

Bhaskaracharya Pythagorean theorem

Some of several contributions to mathematics include:

• A proof of the Pythagorean theorem just in two lines.
• Arrived at the answers of quadratic and cubic indeterminate equations.
• Primary concept of mathematical analysis, infinitesimal calculus, along with defined contributions within integral calculus.
• Exhibited major work on differential calculus, after uncovering the derivative and differential coefficient.
• Articulated Rolle’s theorem and the mean value theorem.
• Developed spherical trigonometry and arrived at trigonometrical results.
• Provided simple solutions to find the squares, cube, square roots, and cube roots of large numbers.
• Suggested solutions for several problems on permutations and combinations.
• Calculated an exact value of PI as 22/7 and more approximate value as 3.1416.

                                                         Sulbasutras of the Pythagorean Theorem

Bhaskaracharya Contributions in the field of Astronomy

Ganitadhyaya and Goladhyaya of Siddhanta Shiromani are completely devoted to astronomy phrasing about 1000 verses. Every little thing of astronomy has been prescribed within these two books. Some of worth mentioning highlights are:

• Bhaskaracharya was the first to discover gravity, 500 years before Sir Isaac Newton.
• He proposed the concept of Tatkalikagati, instantaneous motion which enables astronomers to approximately measure planetary movements.
• Studied Astronomy based on the heliocentric solar system of gravitation.
• One such contribution is made the appropriate calculation of the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun, as 365.2588 days which is fine representation to modern accepted measurement.
• He also proved that when a planet is at the farthest, or at its closest to earth, the equation of the center vanishes.
• The Earth is spherical and it exhibits a power of attraction.
• The north and south poles of the Earth undergo 6 months of day and 6 months of night.
• There is a vacuum beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Accurately calculated orbital periods of the Sun and that of Mercury, Venus, and Mars.

Bhaskaracharya Mathematician

Bhaskaracharya Legacy

Many scholars believe that Bhaskara’s work showed its impact in later developments of the Middle East and Europe. His work was already known to Islamic mathematicians who got inspired by his writing style. However, even though Europe got to know it by the end of the twelth century, it took a lot of time to introduce them into the texts. (1960).

Bhaskaracharya Final Days

Bhaskara was a natural born teacher and mathematician. He was married and blessed with two children. He handed over his complete knowledge on studies to his son, Loksamudra. Bhaskara was appointed as the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading Mathematical center in India at that time. Years later, in 1207, Loksamudra set up a school for the study of Bhaskara’s writings. It is believed that Bhaskara’s book ‘Lilavati’ was named after his daughter. Bhaskaracharya passed away at Ujjain in 1185 C.E.

Great Mathematician Bhaskaracharya

Bhaskaracharya Works on Algebra Arithmetic And Geometry

Bhaskaracharya’s works on Algebra, Arithmetic, and Geometry propelled him to fame and immortality. In recognition of his invaluable contributions to mathematics and astronomy, he has been called the greatest mathematician of medieval India. He was bestowed an apt title by Ganesh Daivadnya for his genius work in Astronomy and Mathematics calling Bhaskaracharya “Ganakachakra chudamani” which means “a Gem among all the calculators of astronomical phenomena.”

His works inspired many of the Persian and European scholars, who through research on his works attained reputation. By now, everyone accepts the fact that after Bhaskaracharya, nobody could write excellent books on mathematics and astronomy in a lucid language in India.